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[191] [192] [193] Anthony Joes wrote in the Journal of Conflict Studies that figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary widely. Georges Lefebvre says that Napoleon crossed the Neman with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Poles and Germans. [194]
Napoleon on the field of Eylau. The below figures only include deaths in major battles in the years of 1803 to 1815. Dumas suggests multiplying the former total by three to include disease deaths. 120,000 Italian dead or missing. [8] Russian: 289,000 killed in major battles, ~867,000 total military dead [9]
The total is 643,500 men, but at least 130,000 were auxiliary troops, involved in the supply of the army. Anthony Joes in Journal of Conflict Studies wrote that: [40] Figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary rather widely.
The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies. That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow; few marched back. [94] The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them.
Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 (2008), 621pp; Gates, David. The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 (NY: Random House, 2011) Hazen, Charles Downer. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1917) online free; Nafziger, George F. The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign (2014) Parker, Harold T. "Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia?
The French retreated westwards the same already devastated way they had come but starvation, diseases like epidemic typhus and hypothermia (Russia suffered a cold winter in November and December) really set in and Napoleon lost 500,000 men in total in Russia. [6]
The main part of Napoleon's army had entered Russia with 286,000 men, [22] but by the time of the battle was reduced mostly through starvation and disease. [15] Napoleon I on the Borodino Heights, by Vasily Vereshchagin (1897) Kutuzov's army established a defensive line near the village of Borodino. [23]
In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia to compel Emperor Alexander I to remain in the Continental System.The Grande Armée, consisting of as many as 650,000 men (roughly half of whom were French, with the remainder coming from allies or subject areas), crossed the Neman river on 24 June 1812.