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Risk-based performance attribution decomposes the performance of a portfolio based on various risk factors or risk exposures (see factor analysis). For complex or dynamic portfolios, risk-based profit attribution may have some advantages over methods which rely only on realized performance. This may be the case for some hedge fund strategies. [23]
For these reasons, a pricing model-based approach to attribution may not be the right one where data sourcing or reconciliation is an issue. An alternative solution is to perform a Taylor expansion on the price of a security P ( y , t ) {\displaystyle P\left({y,t}\right)} and remove higher-order terms , which gives
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Example choice-based conjoint analysis survey with application to marketing (investigating preferences in ice-cream) Conjoint analysis is a survey-based statistical technique used in market research that helps determine how people value different attributes (feature, function, benefits) that make up an individual product or service.
Two attributes, 1 and 2, are called additive independent, if the preference between two lotteries (defined as joint probability distributions on the two attributes) depends only on their marginal probability distributions (the marginal PD on attribute 1 and the marginal PD on attribute 2). This means, for example, that the following two ...
Although information gain is usually a good measure for deciding the relevance of an attribute, it is not perfect. A notable problem occurs when information gain is applied to attributes that can take on a large number of distinct values. For example, suppose that one is building a decision tree for some data describing the customers of a business.
In-text attribution is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an inline citation after the sentence. In-text attribution may need to be used with direct speech (a source's words between quotation marks or as a block quotation ); indirect speech (a source's words modified without quotation marks); and close ...