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Phonetic borrowing characters (借音字): If the root character is uncertain and there are no close equivalent morphemes in Standard Mandarin, characters with similar sounds that have gained widespread acceptance in literature can be used, for example 嘛 (mā, "also"), 佳哉 (ka-tsài, "fortunately"), 磅空 (pōng-khang, "tunnel").
The Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan (Chinese: 臺灣 台語 常用詞 辭典; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân Tâi-gí Siông-iōng-sû Sû-tián) is a dictionary of Taiwanese Hokkien (including Written Hokkien) commissioned by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan. [1]
There is a reasonably reliable correspondence between Hokkien and Mandarin tones: Upper Level: Hokkien 1st tone = Mandarin 1st tone, e.g. 雞 ke/jī. Lower Level: Hokkien 5th tone = Mandarin 2nd tone, e.g. 龍 lêng/lóng. Rising: Hokkien 2nd tone = Mandarin 3rd tone, e.g. 馬 bée/mǎ. Departing: Hokkien 3rd/7th tones = Mandarin 4th tone, e.g ...
A page from the Japanese–Taiwanese Dictionary (日臺大辭典, Nittai daijiten) of 1907, by Ogawa Naoyoshi. Taiwanese kana (Min Nan Chinese: タイ𚿳ヲァヌ𚿳ギイ𚿰カア𚿰ビェン𚿳, tâi oân gí ká biêng, [tai˨˦ uan˨˦ gi˥˩ ka˥˩ biɪŋ˨˦]) is a katakana-based writing system that was used to write Taiwanese Hokkien (commonly called "Taiwanese") when the island of ...
Meta is chugging along on their Universal Speech Translator, which hopes to train an artificial intelligence to translate hundreds of languages in real time. Today, the tech giant claims to have ...
In other cases, Mandarin creates new words to imitate Hokkien ones, as in the case of "哇靠," ("damn") from the Hokkien "goák-hàu," but pronounced in Mandarin as "wā-kào." While most Taiwanese people understand Hokkien, far fewer understand or speak Hakka, and Taiwanese Mandarin therefore contains fewer Hakka loanwords.
In the capital of Taipei, where there is a high concentration of Mainlander descendants who do not natively speak Hokkien, Mandarin is used in greater frequency and fluency than in other parts of Taiwan. The 2010 Taiwanese census found that in addition to Mandarin, Hokkien was natively spoken by around 70% of the population, and Hakka by 15%. [34]
Supergroup (大区 dàqū), of which there are but two: Mandarin and Min; Group (区 qū), corresponding to the varieties of Chinese of the ISO standard; Subgroup (片 piàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups [note 3] Cluster (小片 xiǎopiàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters