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In mathematics, a characterization of an object is a set of conditions that, while possibly different from the definition of the object, is logically equivalent to it. [1] To say that "Property P characterizes object X" is to say that not only does X have property P, but that X is the only thing that has property P (i.e., P is a defining ...
In mathematics, a property is any characteristic that applies to a given set. [1] Rigorously, a property p defined for all elements of a set X is usually defined as a function p: X → {true, false}, that is true whenever the property holds; or, equivalently, as the subset of X for which p holds; i.e. the set {x | p(x) = true}; p is its indicator function.
For example, if p is prime and q(X) is an irreducible polynomial with coefficients in the field with p elements, then the quotient ring [] / (()) is a field of characteristic p. Another example: The field C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } of complex numbers contains Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } , so the characteristic of C {\displaystyle \mathbb ...
In mathematics, the associative property [1] is a property of some binary operations that means that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic , associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs .
For example, some authors [6] define φ X (t) = E[e −2πitX], which is essentially a change of parameter. Other notation may be encountered in the literature: p ^ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\hat {p}}} as the characteristic function for a probability measure p , or f ^ {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\hat {f}}} as the characteristic function ...
The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. Thus, conversely, if the property of a substance changes as the sample size changes, that property is not a characteristic property. Examples of physical properties that aren't characteristic properties are mass and volume.
A simple example is a volume (how big an object occupies a space) as a measure. In mathematics, the concept of a measure is a generalization and formalization of geometrical measures (length, area, volume) and other common notions, such as magnitude, mass, and probability of events. These seemingly distinct concepts have many similarities and ...
In geometry, a point is an abstract idealization of an exact position, without size, in physical space, [1] or its generalization to other kinds of mathematical spaces.As zero-dimensional objects, points are usually taken to be the fundamental indivisible elements comprising the space, of which one-dimensional curves, two-dimensional surfaces, and higher-dimensional objects consist; conversely ...