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Transforming between states requires input energy which leads to hysteresis. Right: Example stress-strain hysteresis for a ferroelastic crystal. Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain, and is the mechanical equivalent of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in the field of ferroics .
Usually only the hysteresis loop is plotted; the energy maxima are only of interest if the effect of thermal fluctuations is calculated. [1] The Stoner–Wohlfarth model is a classic example of magnetic hysteresis. The loop is symmetric (by a 180 ° rotation) about the origin and jumps occur at h = ± h s, where h s is known as the switching field.
Hysteresis loop Induction B as function of field strength H for H varying between H min and H max; for ferromagnetic material the B has different values for H going up and down, therefore a plot of the function forms a loop instead of a curve joining two points; for perminvar type materials, the loop is a "rectangle" (Domain Structure of Perminvar Having a Rectangular Hysteresis Loop, Williams ...
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The curves form a hysteresis loop. Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For example, a magnet may have more than one possible magnetic moment in a given magnetic field, depending on how the field changed in the past. Plots of a single component of the moment often form a loop or hysteresis curve, where there are ...
The downward curve after saturation, along with the lower return curve, form the main loop. The intercepts h c and m rs are the coercivity and saturation remanence . When ferrimagnets are exposed to an external magnetic field, they display what is called magnetic hysteresis , where magnetic behavior depends on the history of the magnet.
The hysteresis loop (P x versus E x) may be obtained from the free energy expansion by including the term −E x P x corresponding to the energy due to an external electric field E x interacting with the polarization P x, as follows:
In structural engineering, the Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis is a hysteretic model typically employed to describe non-linear hysteretic systems. It was introduced by Robert Bouc [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and extended by Yi-Kwei Wen, [ 3 ] who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns.