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The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, autoprotolysis of water, autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H 2 O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH −.
The dissociation of salts by solvation in a solution, such as water, means the separation of the anions and cations. The salt can be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. An electrolyte refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an electrically conductive medium.
Adiabatic ionization is a form of ionization in which an electron is removed from or added to an atom or molecule in its lowest energy state to form an ion in its lowest energy state. [16] The Townsend discharge is a good example of the creation of positive ions and free electrons due to ion impact.
The terms fractional ionization and ionization fraction are also used to describe either the proportion of neutral particles that are ionized or the proportion of free electrons. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] When referred to an atom, "fully ionized" means that there are no bound electrons left, resulting in a bare nucleus .
In ionic compounds, the electronegativity of the two atoms bonding together has a major effect on their bond energy. [14] The extent of this effect is described by the compound's lattice energy, where a more negative lattice energy corresponds to a stronger force of attraction between the ions. Generally, greater differences in ...
Svante Arrhenius, father of the concept of electrolyte dissociation in aqueous solution for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 . In his 1884 dissertation, Svante Arrhenius put forth his explanation of solid crystalline salts disassociating into paired charged particles when dissolved, for which he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
[15] In Lewis theory an acid, A, and a base, B, form an adduct, AB, where the electron pair forms a dative covalent bond between A and B. This is shown when the adduct H 3 N−BF 3 forms from ammonia and boron trifluoride , a reaction that cannot occur in water because boron trifluoride hydrolizes in water.
The equilibrium constant for this dissociation can be predicted by the change in Gibbs energy of this reaction. The Born equation is used to estimate Gibbs free energy of solvation of a gaseous ion. Recent simulation studies have shown that the variation in solvation energy between the ions and the surrounding water molecules underlies the ...