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In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman.It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice.
The Black–Litterman model has become one of the standard models widely used by investors around the world to optimize portfolios. [2] Litterman is the author of Modern Investment Management: An Equilibrium Approach , together with Goldman Sachs Asset Management 's Quantitative Resources Group.
Black–Litterman model optimization is an extension of unconstrained Markowitz optimization that incorporates relative and absolute 'views' on inputs of risk and returns from. The model is also extended by assuming that expected returns are uncertain, and the correlation matrix in this case can differ from the correlation matrix between returns.
Black-Litterman is often used here. This model [16] takes the market-implied (i.e. historical) returns and covariances, and through a Bayesian approach, updates these prior results with the portfolio manager's "views" on certain assets, to produce a posterior estimate of the returns and the covariance matrix. These may then be passed through an ...
Fischer Sheffey Black (January 11, 1938 – August 30, 1995) was an American economist, best known as one of the authors of the Black–Scholes equation. Working variously at the University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and at Goldman Sachs, Black died two years before the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (which is not given posthumously) was awarded to his ...
Black model; Black–Derman–Toy model; Black–Karasinski model; Black–Litterman model; Black–Scholes equation; Black–Scholes model; Black's approximation; Bootstrapping (finance) Brace-Gatarek-Musiela model; Brownian model of financial markets; Butler-Pinkerton model
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Black–Litterman model; Universal portfolio algorithm; Markowitz model; Treynor–Black model; Financial markets. Market and instruments Capital markets; Securities ...