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Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks.The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the ...
It was proposed by investor and professor of Columbia University, Benjamin Graham - often referred to as the "father of value investing". [ 1 ] Published in his book, The Intelligent Investor , Graham devised the formula for lay investors to help them with valuing growth stocks, in vogue at the time of the formula's publication.
Put another way, a stock priced below the Graham Number would be considered a good value, if it also meets a number of other criteria. The Number represents the geometric mean of the maximum that one would pay based on earnings and based on book value. Graham writes: [2] Current price should not be more than 1 1 ⁄ 2 times the book value last ...
A related approach, known as a discounted cash flow analysis, can be used to calculate the intrinsic value of a stock including both expected future dividends and the expected sale price at the end of the holding period. If the intrinsic value exceeds the stock’s current market price, the stock is an attractive investment. [6]
Alternatively, the method can be used to value the company based on the value of total invested capital. In each case, the differences lie in the choice of the income stream and discount rate. For example, the net cash flow to total invested capital and WACC are appropriate when valuing a company based on the market value of all invested ...
A company's net current asset value (NCAV) can be calculated as: Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) = Total Current Assets - Total Liabilities. And a company's market cap is calculated as: Market Capitalization (MC) = Number of Shares Outstanding × Current Price per share If NCAV > MC then the stock is considered undervalued. [3] [4]
Over this period the average return was 13.9% of 30-stock Magic Formula portfolio versus 9.3% for the BSE Sensex. [9] An analysis of the Hong Kong stock market from 2001 to 2014 found Greenblatt's formula was associated with long-term outperformance of market averages by 6-15% depending on company size and other variables. [10]
Future value of an annuity (FVA): The future value of a stream of payments (annuity), assuming the payments are invested at a given rate of interest. There are several basic equations that represent the equalities listed above. The solutions may be found using (in most cases) the formulas, a financial calculator or a spreadsheet. The formulas ...