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The paradox of thrift is a notable fallacy of composition described by Keynesian economics.; Division of labour is another economic example, in which overall productivity can greatly increase when individual workers specialize in doing different jobs.
Both the fallacy of division and the fallacy of composition were addressed by Aristotle in Sophistical Refutations.. In the philosophy of the ancient Greek Anaxagoras, as claimed by the Roman atomist Lucretius, [6] it was assumed that the atoms constituting a substance must themselves have the salient observed properties of that substance: so atoms of water would be wet, atoms of iron would be ...
Fallacy of composition – assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole. [29] Fallacy of division – assuming that something true of a composite thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. [30]
The fallacy of division is committed if one infers from the sentence in the collective sense that one specific individual is strong enough. [12] [24] The fallacy of composition is committed if one infers from the fact that each member of a group has a property that the group as a whole has this property. [24]
This fallacy is also known as "arguing from the specific to the general." Since Judy is so diligent in the workplace, this entire company must have an amazing work ethic. Fallacy of division – assumes what is true of the whole is true of its parts (or some subset of parts). In statistics, forms of it are usually referred to as the ecological ...
Hasty generalization is the fallacy of examining just one or very few examples or studying a single case and generalizing that to be representative of the whole class of objects or phenomena. The opposite, slothful induction , is the fallacy of denying the logical conclusion of an inductive argument, dismissing an effect as "just a coincidence ...
The first example is of a visitor to Oxford. The visitor, upon viewing the colleges and library , reportedly inquires, "But where is the University?" The visitor's mistake is presuming that a University is part of the category "units of physical infrastructure", rather than that of an "institution".
By invoking the fallacy, the contested issue of lying is ignored (cf. whataboutism). The tu quoque fallacy is a specific type of "two wrongs make a right". Accusing another of not practicing what they preach , while appropriate in some situations, [ a ] does not in itself invalidate an action or statement that is perceived as contradictory.