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Orphism is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices [1] originating in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world, [2] associated with literature ascribed to the mythical poet Orpheus, who descended into the Greek underworld and returned.
Chrysanthou, Anthi, Defining Orphism: The Beliefs, the Teletae and the Writings, De Gruyter, 2020. ISBN 978-3-110-67839-0. Online version at De Gruyter. Edmonds, Radcliffe G., Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion, Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-03821-9.
There is a sub-thesis in this work that early Greek religion was heavily influenced by Central Asian shamanistic practices. One major point of contact was the ancient Crimean city of Olbia . Wise, R. Todd, A Neocomparative Examination of the Orpheus Myth As Found in the Native American and European Traditions , 1998.
In the first decade of the 2000s, some scholars questioned the usefulness of the term "Orphic" as well as the unity of religious belief underlying the gold tablets; [10] others defended the association of the tablets with Orphism. [11] Totenpässe have also been found in tombs from Palestine dating from the 2nd century BC and later.
In Orphic cosmogony Phanes / ˈ f eɪ ˌ n iː z / (Ancient Greek: Φάνης, romanized: Phánēs, genitive Φάνητος) or Protogonos / p r oʊ ˈ t ɒ ɡ ə n ə s / (Ancient Greek: Πρωτογόνος, romanized: Prōtogónos, lit.
All three stories show a common motif of reassembly of body parts following sparagmos and omophagia, and this motif may have been significant for religious ritual. [9] In Orphism, worshippers took part in an Orphic ritual which reenacted the story of Zagreus, using a bull as their victim (poorer worshippers may have used a goat instead). [10]
The Thracian religion comprised the mythology, ritual practices and beliefs of the Thracians, a collection of closely related ancient Indo-European peoples who inhabited eastern and southeastern Europe and northwestern Anatolia throughout antiquity and who included the Thracians proper, the Getae, the Dacians, and the Bithynians.
K. C. Guthrie, who placed the Hymns at the temenos in Pergamon, went so far as to state that the group to whom they belonged was an "Orphic society"; [27] Ivan Linforth, however, whose approach to Orphism has been noted for its scepticism, contests that it is equally likely that the name of Orpheus was simply stamped upon the work for its ...