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  2. Polystyrene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene

    Polystyrene foam blows in the wind and floats on water due to its low specific gravity. It can have serious effects on the health of birds and marine animals that swallow significant quantities. [71] Juvenile rainbow trout exposed to polystyrene fragments show toxic effects in the form of substantial histomorphometrical changes. [72]

  3. Chain-growth polymerization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain-growth_polymerization

    In addition, some carbon nanotube polymer is used for electronical devices. Controlled living chain-growth conjugated polymerization will also enable the synthesis of well-defined advanced structures, including block copolymers. Their industrial applications extend to water purification, biomedical devices and sensors. [11]

  4. Phase-out of polystyrene foam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_polystyrene_foam

    Animals do not recognize polystyrene foam as an artificial material, may mistake it for food, and show toxic effects after substantial exposure. Full or partial bans of expanded and polystyrene foam commonly target disposable food packaging. Such bans have been enacted through national legislation globally, and also at sub-national or local ...

  5. Living polymerization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_polymerization

    Living polymerization: A chain polymerization from which chain transfer and chain termination are absent.. Note: In many cases, the rate of chain initiation is fast compared with the rate of chain propagation, so that the number of kinetic-chain carriers is essentially constant throughout the polymerization.

  6. Microplastics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics

    [51] [52] Little is known on adverse health effects of nanoplastics in organisms including humans. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), polystyrene nanoplastics can induce a stress response pathway altering glucose and cortisol levels, which is potentially tied to behavioral changes in stress phases. [53]

  7. Step-growth polymerization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-growth_polymerization

    The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain—each person has two hands (= reactive sites). There also is the possibility to have more than two reactive sites on a monomer: In this case branched polymers production take place.

  8. Copolymer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer

    The composition and structural type of the copolymer depend on these reactivity ratios r 1 and r 2 according to the Mayo–Lewis equation, also called the copolymerization equation or copolymer equation, [7] [6] for the relative instantaneous rates of incorporation of the two monomers.

  9. Plastivore - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastivore

    Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), a species commonly used as animal feed, can consume polyethylene and polystyrene. [5] [9] [10] Its congener T. obscurus can also consume polystyrene, [19] as can superworm (Zophobas morio) and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) from different genera in the same family. [20] [13] A waxworm