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Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach; Nonstandard calculus; Infinitesimal; Archimedes' use of infinitesimals; For further developments: see list of real analysis topics, list of complex analysis topics, list of multivariable calculus topics
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education . Calculus has widespread applications in science , economics , and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.
It is fundamentally the study of the relationship of variables that depend on each other. Calculus was expanded in the 18th century by Euler with the introduction of the concept of a function and many other results. [40] Presently, "calculus" refers mainly to the elementary part of this theory, and "analysis" is commonly used for advanced parts ...
In fact, calculus and real analysis textbooks often conflate the two, introducing the definition of the Darboux integral as that of the Riemann integral, due to the slightly easier to apply definition of the former. The fundamental theorem of calculus asserts that integration and differentiation are inverse operations in a certain sense.
A Course of Pure Mathematics is a classic textbook in introductory mathematical analysis, written by G. H. Hardy. It is recommended for people studying calculus. First published in 1908, it went through ten editions (up to 1952) and several reprints. It is now out of copyright in UK and is downloadable from various internet web sites.
Calculus focuses on rates of change (within functions), such as accelerations, curves, and slopes. The development of calculus is credited to Archimedes, Bhaskara, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Gottfried Leibniz and Isaac Newton; lesser credit is given to Isaac Barrow, René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat, Christiaan Huygens, and John Wallis.