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Modern complete blood count analyzers can provide an automated white blood cell differential, but they have a limited ability to differentiate immature and abnormal cells, so manual examination of the blood smear is frequently indicated. [5] [6] Blood smear examination is the preferred diagnostic method for certain parasitic infections, such as ...
Conventionally, a leukocytosis exceeding 50,000 WBC/mm 3 with a significant increase in early neutrophil precursors is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. [2] The peripheral blood smear may show myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, and rarely myeloblasts; however, there is a mixture of early mature neutrophil precursors, in contrast to the immature forms typically seen in acute leukemia.
On a peripheral blood smear, CLL cells resemble normal lymphocytes, although slightly smaller. They are also very fragile and susceptible to breaking when smeared onto a glass slide, giving rise to "smudge" or "smear" cells, which are a hallmark of the disease.
Carcinocythemia can be detected on a routine blood smear examination or manual differential. [8] If the number of suspicious cells is low, a smear can be prepared from the buffy coat of the blood sample to concentrate the cells. [3] Tumour cells in peripheral blood may look similar to circulating blasts or lymphoma cells.
Wright's stain is a hematologic stain that facilitates the differentiation of blood cell types. It is classically a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue dyes. It is used primarily to stain peripheral blood smears, urine samples, and bone marrow aspirates, which are examined under a light microscope.
Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy (often called trephine biopsy) and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia , multiple myeloma , lymphoma , anemia , and pancytopenia .
It can be used for histopathological diagnosis of the Plasmodium species that cause malaria [2] and some other spirochete and protozoan blood parasites. It is also used to stain Wolbachia cells in host tissue. [3] Giemsa stain is a classic blood film stain for peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens.
Direct examination of blood under a microscope in a peripheral blood smear may demonstrate red blood cell fragments called schistocytes, red blood cells that look like spheres (spherocytes), and/or red blood cells missing small pieces .