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Worldwide, PM 10 concentrations of 70 μg/m 3 and PM 2.5 concentrations of 35 μg/m 3 have been shown to increase long-term mortality by 15%. [29] More so, approximately 4.2 million of all premature deaths observed in 2016 occurred due to airborne particulate pollution, 91% of which occurred in countries with low to middle socioeconomic status.
The 2024 Global Burden of Disease Study estimates that air pollution contributed to 8.1 million deaths in 2021, which is more than 1 in 8 deaths. Outdoor particulate pollution ( PM2.5 ) was the largest cause of death (4.7 million), followed by indoor air pollution (3.1 million) and ozone (0.5 million).
On the other hand, Omaha, Nebraska is performing the best and has a decrease of −1.1 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 levels. The cleanest city in this report is Zürich, Switzerland with PM 2.5 levels of just 0.5 μg/m 3, placed first in both 2019 and 2022. The second cleanest city is Perth, with 1.7 μg/m 3 and PM 2.5 levels dropping by −6.2 μg/m 3 since
(For example, calculation of the ozone AQI requires computation of an 8-hour average and computation of the PM 2.5 or PM 10 AQI requires a 24-hour average.) To accurately reflect the current air quality, the multi-hour average used for the AQI computation should be centered on the current time, but as concentrations of future hours are unknown ...
In 2019, water pollution caused 1.4 million premature deaths. [54] Contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries is an issue, for example, over 732 million Indians (56% of the population) and over 92 million Ethiopians (92.9% of the population) do not have access to basic sanitation. [55]
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particulate matter of nanoscale size (less than 0.1 μm or 100 nm in diameter). [1] Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM 10 and PM 2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates. [2]
A private communication device is a device that is designed to deliver a communication to one person at a time through a single process. Typically, a single person is in control of such a device which is usually not shared. Examples include a cell phone, a text message on the cell phone, an email, or a message over a 2-way radio.
Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [1] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase : [2]