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One silent mutation causes the dopamine receptor D2 gene to be less stable and degrade faster, underexpressing the gene. A silent mutation in the multidrug resistance gene 1 , which codes for a cellular membrane pump that expels drugs from the cell, can slow down translation in a specific location to allow the peptide chain to bend into an ...
Point substitution mutations of a codon, classified by their impact on protein sequence. A synonymous substitution (often called a silent substitution though they are not always silent) is the evolutionary substitution of one base for another in an exon of a gene coding for a protein, such that the produced amino acid sequence is not modified.
An example would be a seemingly silent mutation in the multidrug resistance gene 1 , which codes for a cellular membrane pump that expels drugs from the cell, can slow down translation and allow the peptide chain to fold into an unusual conformation, causing the mutant pump to be less functional (in MDR1 protein e.g. C1236T polymorphism changes ...
For example, the DNA codons TTT and TTC both code for the amino acid Phenylalanine, so a change from the third T to C makes no difference to the resulting protein. On the other hand, the codon GAG codes for Glutamic acid while the codon GTG codes for Valine , so a change from the middle A to T does change the resulting protein, for better or ...
For example, for an amino acid sequence (there are 20 "standard" amino acids that make up proteins), one would find there are 209 parameters. However, when studying coding regions of the genome, it is more common to work with a codon substitution model (a codon is three bases and codes for one amino acid in a protein).
However, the estimator can be biased by population structure. For example, ^ is downwardly biased in an exponentially growing population. It can also be biased by violation of the infinite-sites mutational model; if multiple mutations can overwrite one another, Watterson's estimator will be biased downward.
For example, probiotics—which are usually sold in the vitamin aisle—sometimes require refrigeration. Also, capsules that contain liquid or oil may deteriorate more quickly than those that don’t.
A nonsynonymous substitution is a nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein.Nonsynonymous substitutions differ from synonymous substitutions, which do not alter amino acid sequences and are (sometimes) silent mutations.