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For example, for a changing position, its time derivative ˙ is its velocity, and its second derivative with respect to time, ¨, is its acceleration. Even higher derivatives are sometimes also used: the third derivative of position with respect to time is known as the jerk .
Snap, [6] or jounce, [2] is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time, or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time. [4] Equivalently, it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity, and is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions: = ȷ = = =.
[12] [13] The seventh derivative is known as "Bang," as it is a logical continuation to the cycle. The eighth derivative has been referred to as "Boom," and the 9th is known as "Crash." [citation needed] However, time derivatives of position of higher order than four appear rarely. [14]
Since the velocity of the object is the derivative of the position graph, the area under the line in the velocity vs. time graph is the displacement of the object. (Velocity is on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Multiplying the velocity by the time, the time cancels out, and only displacement remains.)
As =, the first time derivatives of inside either frame, when expressed with respect to the basis of e.g. the inertial frame, coincide. Carrying out the differentiations and re-arranging some terms yields the acceleration relative to the rotating reference frame, a r {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} _{\mathrm {r} }}
Stated formally, in general, an equation of motion M is a function of the position r of the object, its velocity (the first time derivative of r, v = dr / dt ), and its acceleration (the second derivative of r, a = d 2 r / dt 2 ), and time t. Euclidean vectors in 3D are denoted throughout in bold.
Informally, the second derivative can be phrased as "the rate of change of the rate of change"; for example, the second derivative of the position of an object with respect to time is the instantaneous acceleration of the object, or the rate at which the velocity of the object is changing with respect to
The time derivatives of the position and momentum variables are given by partial derivatives of the Hamiltonian, via Hamilton's equations. [ 19 ] : 203 The simplest example is a point mass m {\displaystyle m} constrained to move in a straight line, under the effect of a potential.