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EAX mode (encrypt-then-authenticate-then-translate [1]) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data algorithm designed to simultaneously provide both authentication and privacy of the message (authenticated encryption) with a two-pass scheme, one pass for achieving privacy and one for authenticity for each block.
As the name suggests, CCM mode combines counter (CTR) mode for confidentiality with cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) for authentication. These two primitives are applied in an "authenticate-then-encrypt" manner: CBC-MAC is first computed on the message to obtain a message authentication code (MAC), then the message and the MAC are encrypted using counter mode.
Authenticated Encryption (AE) is an encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key [1]) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: [2] the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the ...
Alice and Bob are now mutually authenticated and have a shared secret. This secret, K, can then be used to encrypt further communication. The basic form of the protocol is formalized in the following three steps: (1) Alice → Bob : g x (2) Alice ← Bob : g y, E K (S B (g y, g x)) (3) Alice → Bob : E K (S A (g x, g y))
The bulk encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the data being sent. The MAC algorithm provides data integrity checks to ensure that the data sent does not change in transit. In addition, cipher suites can include signatures and an authentication algorithm to help authenticate the server and or client.
This inclusion is called channel binding, as the lower encryption channel is 'bound' to the higher application channel. Alice then has an authentication of Bob, and Bob has authentication of Alice. Taken together, they have mutual authentication. DIGEST-MD5 already enabled mutual authentication, but it was often incorrectly implemented. [2] [3]
It then creates an encrypted TLS tunnel between the client and the authentication server. In most configurations, the keys for this encryption are transported using the server's public key. The ensuing exchange of authentication information inside the tunnel to authenticate the client is then encrypted and user credentials are safe from ...
The first successful password-authenticated key agreement methods were Encrypted Key Exchange methods described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. Although several of the first methods were flawed, the surviving and enhanced forms of EKE effectively amplify a shared password into a shared key, which can then be used for ...