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Shoulder dystocia is when, after vaginal delivery of the head, the baby's anterior shoulder gets caught above the mother's pubic bone. [3] [1] Signs include retraction of the baby's head back into the vagina, known as "turtle sign". [1] Complications for the baby may include brachial plexus injury, or clavicle fracture.
Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is the baby not exiting the pelvis because it is physically blocked during childbirth although the uterus contracts normally. [2] Complications for the baby include not getting enough oxygen which may result in death. [ 1 ]
Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves. These form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C8 and thoracic nerve T1.
McRoberts maneuver (1) in combination with suprapubic pressure (2) The McRoberts maneuver is an obstetrical maneuver used to assist in childbirth.It is named after William A. McRoberts, Jr. [1] It is employed in case of shoulder dystocia during childbirth and involves hyperflexing the mother's legs tightly to her abdomen.
Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, [5] with a prevalence of 1 in 1000 births. [6] "The brachial plexus may be injured by falls from a height on to the side of the head and shoulder, whereby the nerves of the plexus are violently stretched.
Shoulder dystocia where one of the foetus' shoulders becomes stuck during vaginal birth. There are many risk factors, including macrosmic (large) foetus, but many are also unexplained. [67] Uterine rupture can occur during obstructed labour and endanger foetal and maternal life. [68]
Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics (ALSO) is a program that was developed by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). This course helps physicians, certified nurse midwives (CNM), registered nurses, and other health care providers involved in potential emergencies in the perinatal care of mothers.
Shoulder presentations are uncommon (about 0.5% of births) [1] since, usually, toward the end of gestation, either the head or the buttocks start to enter the upper part of the pelvis, anchoring the fetus in a longitudinal lie. It is not known in all cases of shoulder presentation why the longitudinal line is not reached, but possible causes ...
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