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Artaxerxes was probably born in the reign of his grandfather Darius I, to the emperor's son and heir, Xerxes I.In 465 BC, Xerxes I was murdered by Hazarapat ("commander of thousand") Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. [8]
Artaxerxes is the Latin form of the Greek Artaxerxes (Αρταξέρξης), itself from the Old Persian Artaxšaçā ("whose reign is through truth"). [2] It is known in other languages as; Elamite Ir-tak-ik-ša-iš-ša, Ir-da-ik-ša-iš-ša; Akkadian Ar-ta-ʾ-ḫa-šá-is-su; Middle Persian Ardaxšēr and New Persian Ardašīr.
Artaxerxes I of Persia (died 425 BC), Artaxerxes I Longimanus, r. 466–425 BC, son and successor of Xerxes I; Artaxerxes II of Persia (436 BC–358 BC), Artaxerxes II Mnemon, r. 404–358 BC, son and successor of Darius II; Artaxerxes III of Persia (425 BC–338 BC), Artaxerxes III Ochus, r. 358–338 BC, son and successor of Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes I Artaxerxes was another of Xerxes’ sons whom the succession fell to after the deaths of his father and older brothers. Artaxerxes ruled, following the death of his father from 465 to 424 BCE. Artaxerxes I's reign saw the beginning of the decline of the 27th dynasty, due to rising tensions and threats to total Persian control.
Artaxerxes II is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was Stateira, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes' mother Parysatis in about 400 BC. [58] Artaxerxes II is said to have more than 115 sons from 350 wives. [59] [58] By Stateira Darius (probably aged over 50 in 366 BC) [60] Ariaspes or Ariarathes Ochus (Artaxerxes III)
Artaxerxes then attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt in the winter of 351/350 BC; the repercussions of his defeat prompted revolts in Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Cilicia. [1]: 379–380 Although Nectanebo gave support to these revolts, Artaxerxes would eventually suppress these rebellions and was once again able to invade Egypt in 343 BC.
Reign Throne Name Comments Artaxerxes III: 343–338 BC Placed Egypt under Persian rule for a second time Artaxerxes IV: 338–336 BC Only reigned in Lower Egypt: Khababash: 338–335 BC Senen-setepu-ni-ptah: Led a revolt against Persian rule in Upper Egypt, declared himself Pharaoh Darius III: 336–332 BC Upper Egypt returned to Persian ...
Ardakhshir (Ardashir) is the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian Ṛtaxšira (also spelled Artaxšaçā, meaning "whose reign is through truth"). [1] [2] The Latin variant of the name is Artaxerxes. [1] Three kings of the Achaemenid Empire were known to have the same name. [1]