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2. Backflow - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow

   Backflow occurs for one of two reasons, either back pressure or back siphonage. [1] Back pressure is the result of a higher pressure in the system than in its supply, i.e. the system pressure has been increased by some means. This may occur in unvented heating systems, where thermal expansion increases the pressure.

3. Pressure tank - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_tank

   The diaphragm or bladder may itself exert a pressure on the water, but it is usually small and will be neglected in the following discussion. Case 1 is an empty tank at the charging pressure P c (gauge). The total volume of the tank is V t. Case 2 is a tank in use, with the air pressure at pressure P (gauge) and a water volume of V. Referring ...

4. Backflow prevention device - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device

   Back pressure can force an undesirable contaminant to enter potable water piping. Sources of back pressure may be boilers, heat exchanging equipment, power washing equipment, fire sprinklers, or pumps in the water distribution system. In some cases there may be an almost continuous risk of overcoming the static water pressure in the piping.

5. Expansion tank - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_tank

   An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used to protect closed water heating systems and domestic hot water systems from excessive pressure. The tank is partially filled with air, whose compressibility cushions shock caused by water hammer [citation needed] and absorbs excess water pressure caused by thermal expansion. [1]

6. Water hammer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer

   The following characteristics may reduce or eliminate water hammer: Reduce the pressure of the water supply to the building by fitting a regulator. Lower fluid velocities. To keep water hammer low, pipe-sizing charts for some applications recommend flow velocity at or below 1.5 m/s (4.9 ft/s). Fit slowly closing valves.

7. Atmospheric vacuum breaker - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker

   It is usually constructed of brass and resembles a 90-degree elbow with a hood on its top to allow air to enter the water system if a siphon attempts to form. Inside this elbow is a poppet valve that is held "up" by the water pressure found in the system, closing the air entrance to the device. If the pressure in the "upstream side" is reduced ...

8. AOL Mail

   mail.aol.com

   Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

9. Trap (plumbing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)

   Maintaining the water seal is critical to trap operation; traps might dry out, and poor venting can suction or blow water out of the traps. This is usually avoided by venting the drain pipes downstream of the trap; by being vented to the atmosphere outside the building, the drain lines never operate at a pressure much higher or lower than ...