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For instance, 299 792 458 m/s (the speed of light in vacuum, in metres per second) can be written as 2.997 924 58 × 10 8 m/s and then approximated as 2.998 × 10 8 m/s. SI prefixes based on powers of 10 are also used to describe small or large quantities. For example, the prefix kilo means 10 3 = 1000, so a kilometre is 1000 m.
The only known powers of 2 with all digits even are 2 1 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 6 = 64 and 2 11 = 2048. [12] The first 3 powers of 2 with all but last digit odd is 2 4 = 16, 2 5 = 32 and 2 9 = 512. The next such power of 2 of form 2 n should have n of at least 6 digits.
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8. Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = b e mod m = d −e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m).
If n is even, a complex number's nth roots, of which there are an even number, come in additive inverse pairs, so that if a number r 1 is one of the nth roots then r 2 = –r 1 is another. This is because raising the latter's coefficient –1 to the n th power for even n yields 1: that is, (– r 1 ) n = (–1) n × r 1 n = r 1 n .
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Typically, the rule suggests the US economy has entered a recession if the three-month average of the national unemployment rate has risen 0.5% or more from the previous 12-month low.
Also, one can readily deduce the quotient rule from the reciprocal rule and the product rule. The reciprocal rule states that if f is differentiable at a point x and f(x) ≠ 0 then g(x) = 1/f(x) is also differentiable at x and ′ = ′ ().