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On 13 April 1791, the Pope forced the issue by issuing the papal encyclical Charitas, officially condemning the Revolution's actions towards the Church and leveling excommunication upon any clergy who took the oath. [16] The clergy split into juring priests (those who took the oath) and non-juring or refractory priests (those who refused).
During this time countless non-juring priests were interned in chains on prison ships in French harbors where most died within a few months from the unhealthy conditions. Victor Henri Juglar, Plundering of a church during the French Revolution of 1793, Vizille, Museum of the French Revolution. The juring priests weren't spared either.
Looting of a church during the Revolution, by Swebach-Desfontaines (c. 1793). The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion ...
Since only a minority of the clergy professed the oath, this created a schism between officially sanctioned "constitutional priests" and non-sanctioned "refractory priests." Pope Pius VI introduced a foreign aspect to the controversy by denouncing the Civil Constitution in 1791.
Refractory clergymen were gradually suppressed, in the name of "respect for public order established by law". [21] Pope Pius VI condemned the principles of the French Revolution in March 1791. He clearly opposed the civil constitution of the clergy and the Constituent Assembly's unilateral revocation of the Concordat of Bologna. Human rights ...
The Martyrology of the French Revolution, published in 1821 during the royalist restoration under Louis XVIII by the former Dominican Aimé Guillon de Montléon, [4] compared the victims of religious persecution in revolutionary France to the early Christian martyrs. It contained a detailed chapter on the fate of the Rochefort ship's occupants.
The term "Red Priests" (French: Curés rouges) or "Philosopher Priests" is a modern historiographical term that refers to Catholic priests who, to varying degrees, supported the French Revolution (1789-1799). The term "Red Priests" was coined in 1901 by Gilbert Brégail and later adopted by Edmond Campagnac.
The victims were 160 Catholic priests known as 'refractory clergy' (French: clergé réfractaire) who had been arrested in the area. After being initially held at Saint-Clément Convent, they were moved in the summer of 1793 to the Carmelite Mission in Nantes because it had been converted into a prison.