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The order of words chosen by Vitruvius, with structural integrity coming before the utility, can be explained in two ways. Either the emphasis on firmness was driven by an understanding of architecture as an "art of building", or by the fact that buildings frequently outlive their initial purpose, so "functions, customs, ... and fashions ... are only transitory" (Auguste Perret), and ...
He states that all buildings should have three attributes: firmitas, utilitas, and venustas ("strength", "utility", and "beauty"), [3] principles reflected in much Ancient Roman architecture. His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to the famous Renaissance drawing of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci.
A 1521 Italian language edition of De architectura, translated and illustrated by Cesare Cesariano Manuscript of Vitruvius; parchment dating from about 1390. De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus ...
According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, [15] [16] commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition
These texts describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns , symmetry, and directional alignments. [3]
The principles of measurement units digit, foot, and cubit also came from the dimensions of a Vitruvian Man. More specifically, Vitruvius used the total height of 6 feet of a person, and each part of the body takes up a different ratio. For example, the face is about 1/10 of the total height, and the head is about 1/8 of the total height. [3]
The Essay on Architecture provides a story of man in his primitive state to explain how the creation of the "primitive man's" house is created instinctively based on man's need to shelter himself from nature. Laugier believed that the model of the primitive man's hut provided the ideal principles for architecture or any structure.
However, architecture has existed far longer, with the first surviving written work on the subject known as De architectura, written by Roman architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio between 30 and 15 BCE. [5] Here, Vitruvius detailed the three principals of architecture firmitas, utilitas, venustas.