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The speed of light can be used in time of flight measurements to measure large distances to extremely high precision. Ole Rømer first demonstrated in 1676 that light does not travel instantaneously by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io. Progressively more accurate measurements of its speed came over the following centuries.
The fastest wind speed ever recorded on Earth, caused by the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. 150.6: 539: 337: 5 × 10 −7: Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster. 154 554.4 344.5 5.1 × 10 −7: Speed of the fastest crossbow arrow. 157: 575: 351: 5.2 × 10 −7: Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007 ...
Spatial variation of the speed of light in a gravitational potential as measured against a distant observer's time reference is implicitly present in general relativity. [3] The apparent speed of light will change in a gravity field and, in particular, go to zero at an event horizon as viewed by a distant observer. [4]
In the context of this article, "faster-than-light" means the transmission of information or matter faster than c, a constant equal to the speed of light in vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s (by definition of the metre) [3] or about 186,282.397 miles per second.
One example is represented by the conditions in the first 10 −43 seconds of our universe after the Big Bang, approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The four universal constants that, by definition, have a numeric value 1 when expressed in these units are: c, the speed of light in vacuum, G, the gravitational constant, ħ, the reduced Planck ...
In 1992 the experimental results were analyzed by Clifford Will who concluded that the experiment did actually measure the one-way speed of light. [11] In 1997 the experiment was re-analysed by Zhang who showed that, in fact, only the two-way speed had been measured. [32]
Since the protons are transferred in bunches of one nanosecond duration at an interval of 18.73 ns, the speed of muons and neutrinos could be determined. A speed difference would lead to an elongation of the neutrino bunches and to a displacement of the whole neutrino time spectrum. At first, the speeds of muons and neutrinos were compared. [5]
The change in the source visibility that they measured for 3C 279, combined with changes in total flux density, indicated that a component first seen in 1969 had reached a diameter of about 1 milliarcsecond, implying expansion at an apparent velocity of at least twice the speed of light.