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North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. ISBN 0-8109-3689-5. Haley, James L. Apaches: a history and culture portrait. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8061-2978-5. Karasik, Carol. The Turquoise Trail: Native American Jewelry and Culture of the ...
Effie Calavaza was born in 1927 in Zuni, New Mexico as Effie Lankeseon, [4] [5] where she lived her entire life. [6] She married Juan Calavaza (1910–1970), also a jewelry artist, who taught her the art.
Slave bracelets are a piece of jewelry associated with several cultures. The term refers to the hand adornment often worn by belly dancers or associated with harem jewelry. The slave bracelet or hand chain consists of a bracelet that attaches to a ring via a chain, bejeweled links, or other ornate hand connector along the back of the hand.
This practice of combining African slave men and Native American women was especially common in South Carolina. [38] Native American women were cheaper to buy than Native American men or Africans. Moreover, it was more efficient to have native women because they were skilled laborers, the primary agriculturalists in their communities. [38]
The beads were integrated in Native American jewelry using various beadwork techniques. Trade beads were also used by early Europeans to purchase African resources, [2] including slaves in the African slave trade. Aggry beads are a particular type of decorated glass bead from Ghana. The practice continued until the early twentieth century.
At that time, the government did not have a separate census designation for Native Americans. Those who remained among the European-American communities were frequently listed as mulatto, a term applied to Native American-white, Native American-African, and African-white mixed-race people, as well as tri-racial people. [43]
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