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When used along the critical line, it is often useful to use it in a form where it becomes a formula for the Z function. If M and N are non-negative integers, then the zeta function is equal to = = + = + where
Just the same shape of functional equation holds for the Dedekind zeta function of a number field K, with an appropriate gamma-factor that depends only on the embeddings of K (in algebraic terms, on the tensor product of K with the real field). There is a similar equation for the Dirichlet L-functions, but this time relating them in pairs: [1]
Several progressively more accurate approximations of the step function. An asymmetrical Gaussian function fit to a noisy curve using regression.. In general, a function approximation problem asks us to select a function among a well-defined class [citation needed] [clarification needed] that closely matches ("approximates") a target function [citation needed] in a task-specific way.
The objective is to make the approximation as close as possible to the actual function, typically with an accuracy close to that of the underlying computer's floating point arithmetic. This is accomplished by using a polynomial of high degree, and/or narrowing the domain over which the polynomial has to approximate the function. Narrowing the ...
In cases where (), are expressed by polynomials or series of negative powers, exponential function, logarithmic function or , we can apply 2-point Padé approximant to (). There is a method of using this to give an approximate solution of a differential equation with high accuracy. [ 9 ]
In mathematics, a linear approximation is an approximation of a general function using a linear function (more precisely, an affine function). They are widely used in the method of finite differences to produce first order methods for solving or approximating solutions to equations.
For example, the gamma function is a function that satisfies the functional equation (+) = and the initial value () = There are many functions that satisfy these conditions, but the gamma function is the unique one that is meromorphic in the whole complex plane, and logarithmically convex for x real and positive ( Bohr–Mollerup theorem ).
The formula shows that the L-function of χ is equal to the L-function of the primitive character which induces χ, multiplied by only a finite number of factors. [6] As a special case, the L-function of the principal character modulo q can be expressed in terms of the Riemann zeta function: [7] [8]