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Construction of the Malfatti circles: [3] For a given triangle determine three circles, which touch each other and two sides of the triangle each. Spherical version of Malfatti's problem: [4] The triangle is a spherical one. Essential tools for investigations on circles are the radical axis of two circles and the radical center of three circles.
The external secant or external distance of a curved track section is the shortest distance between the track and the intersection of the tangent lines from the ends of the arc, which equals the radius times the trigonometric exsecant of half the central angle subtended by the arc, . [12] By comparison, the versed sine of a curved track ...
A new circle C 3 of radius r 1 − r 2 is drawn centered on O 1. Using the method above, two lines are drawn from O 2 that are tangent to this new circle. These lines are parallel to the desired tangent lines, because the situation corresponds to shrinking both circles C 1 and C 2 by a constant amount, r 2 , which shrinks C 2 to a point.
More generally, when both of the segment's end points are vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, the line segment is either an edge (of that polygon or polyhedron) if they are adjacent vertices, or a diagonal. When the end points both lie on a curve (such as a circle), a line segment is called a chord (of that curve).
A circle circumference and radius are proportional. The area enclosed and the square of its radius are proportional. The constants of proportionality are 2 π and π respectively. The circle that is centred at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit circle. Thought of as a great circle of the unit sphere, it becomes the Riemannian circle.
Kissing circles. Given three mutually tangent circles (black), there are, in general, two possible answers (red) as to what radius a fourth tangent circle can have.In geometry, Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles, the radii of the circles satisfy a certain quadratic equation.
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Another generalization is to calculate the number of coprime integer solutions , to the inequality m 2 + n 2 ≤ r 2 . {\displaystyle m^{2}+n^{2}\leq r^{2}.\,} This problem is known as the primitive circle problem , as it involves searching for primitive solutions to the original circle problem. [ 9 ]