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This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia). [8] [10] Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include: Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) [11]
Hypochromic anemia may be caused by vitamin B6 deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections (e.g. hookworms) or other diseases (i.e. anemia of chronic disease), therapeutic drugs, copper toxicity, and lead poisoning.
These cells are often shades of grayish-blue. Polychromasia is usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature red blood cells. 3 types are recognized, with types 1 and 2 being referred to as 'young red blood cells' and type 3 as 'old red blood cells'. Giemsa stain is used to distinguish all three types of blood smears. [1]
Iron-deficiency anemia is anemia caused by a lack of iron. [3] Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. [3] When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as feeling tired, weak, short of breath, or having decreased ability to exercise. [1]
Signs of folate deficiency anemia most of the time are subtle. [4] Anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia) can be a sign of advanced folate deficiency in adults. [1] Folate deficiency anemia may result in feeling tired, weakness, changes to the color of the skin or hair, open sores on the mouth, shortness of breath, palpitations, lightheadedness, cold hands and feet, headaches, easy bleeding ...
Treatment involves supportive care and may include dialysis, steroids, blood transfusions, or plasmapheresis. [1] [2] About 1.5 per 100,000 people are affected per year. [5] [1] Less than 5% of those with the condition die. [1] Of the remainder, up to 25% have ongoing kidney problems. [1] HUS was first defined as a syndrome in 1955. [1] [8]
However, treatment is usually effective in reducing the severity of the symptoms. [12] [17] The most common treatment is blood transfusions, especially in infants and young children. This is done if the red blood cell count has fallen to a critical level. [11] The transplantation of bone marrow has also been conducted as a treatment option. [9]
Treatment for anemia due to chronic diseases, such as kidney disease, focus on healing the primary condition first. Dietary foods or supplements should be added if anemia is due to a lack of a particular vitamin. Erythropoietin may be considered if anemia is severe. Erythropoietin will stimulate the bone marrow to make more blood cells. [5]