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Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change" [n 1]), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891.
In Laborem exercens, John Paul set forth the following basic priorities as a framework for discussing issues of labor, capital, and property ownership: Labor takes precedence over capital. People are more important than things. [9] For contrast, he named two ideas he considered to be errors: materialism and economism. Materialism subordinates ...
The labor theory of property, also called the labor theory of appropriation, labor theory of ownership, labor theory of entitlement, and principle of first appropriation, is a theory of natural law that holds that property originally comes about by the exertion of labor upon natural resources.
In arguing against supporters of absolute monarchy, Locke conceptualized property as a natural right that God had not bestowed exclusively on the monarchy. In his labor theory of property, Locke stated that property is a natural result of labor improving upon nature, and thus by labor expenditure the laborer becomes entitled to its produce. [10]
The right to property, or the right to own property (cf. ownership), is often [how often?] classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions.A general recognition of a right to private property is found [citation needed] more rarely and is typically heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for ...
Self-earned private property, that is based, so to speak, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent labouring-individual with the conditions of his labour, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on the exploitation of the nominally free labour of others, i.e., wage labour (emphasis added). [13]
As a nation grows the necessity for well-defined property rights grows as well. [45] This is due to the underlying assumption that within property rights other people must be present in order to have the rights over somebody else. Additionally, property rights are foundational for a capitalist system, allowing for growth and wealth creation. [46]
The result aimed for is the valorisation of invested capital, i.e. other things being equal, the value of capital is maintained and has also increased through the activity of living labour. At the end of the working day, labour power has been more or less consumed, and must be restored through rest, eating and drinking, and recreation.