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Phytoplankton are photosynthesizing microscopic protists and bacteria that inhabit the upper sunlit layer of marine and fresh water bodies of water on Earth. Paralleling plants on land, phytoplankton undertake primary production in water, [2] creating organic compounds from carbon dioxide dissolved in the water.
The phytoplankton would convert the ocean's dissolved carbon dioxide into carbohydrate, some of which would sink into the deeper ocean before oxidizing. More than a dozen open-sea experiments confirmed that adding iron to the ocean increases photosynthesis in phytoplankton by up to 30 times.
When the nutrient rich deep ocean water is moved to the surface, algae bloom occurs, resulting in a decrease in carbon dioxide due to carbon intake from phytoplankton and other photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. The transfer of heat between the layers will also cause seawater from the mixed layer to sink and absorb more carbon dioxide.
Marine phytoplankton perform half of all photosynthesis on Earth [91] and directly influence global biogeochemical cycles and the climate, yet how they will respond to future global change is unknown. Carbon dioxide is one of the principal drivers of global change and has been identified as one of the major challenges in the 21st century. [92]
The Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both inorganic carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and organic carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.
A single phytoplankton cell has a sinking rate around one metre per day. ... thus limiting the ocean's ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere on a regional ...
The ratio of carbon demand to supply governs the diffusion of CO 2 into the cell, and is negatively correlated with the magnitude of the carbon fractionation by phytoplankton. [34] Combined, these relationships allow the fractionation between CO 2(aq) and phytoplankton biomass to be used to estimate the phytoplankton growth rates. [35]
Phytoplankton, especially haptophytes such as coccolithophores, are also well known for their calcium carbonate production. It is estimated that these phytoplankton may contribute up to 70% of the global calcium carbonate precipitation, and coccolithophores are the largest phytoplankton contributors, along with diatoms and dinoflagellates. [27]