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  2. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1.

  3. Bond valence method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_valence_method

    The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with ...

  4. Charge number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_number

    Charge number or valence [1] of an ion is the coefficient that, when multiplied by the elementary charge, gives the ion's charge. [2]For example, the charge on a chloride ion, , is , where e is the elementary charge.

  5. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    Four covalent bonds.Carbon has four valence electrons and here a valence of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent. In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.

  6. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. [1]

  7. Valence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence

    Valence (chemistry), a measure of an element's combining power with other atoms Valence electron, electrons in the outer shell of an atom's energy levels; Valence quarks, those quarks within a hadron that determine the hadron's quantum numbers

  8. Valence and conduction bands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_and_conduction_bands

    In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states.

  9. Charge carrier density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density

    For holes, is the number of holes per unit volume in the valence band. To calculate this number for electrons, we start with the idea that the total density of conduction-band electrons, , is just adding up the conduction electron density across the different energies in the band, from the bottom of the band to the top of the band .