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Resulting optical noise factor is F pnf = SNR pnf,in / SNR pnf,out = 2n sp (1-1/G)+1/G. F pnf is in conceptual conflict [9] [10] with the electrical noise factor, which is now called F e: Photocurrent I is proportional to optical power P. P is proportional to squares of a field amplitude (electric or magnetic). So, the receiver is nonlinear in ...
The noise factor (a linear term) is more often expressed as the noise figure (in decibels) using the conversion: = The noise figure can also be seen as the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by passing a signal through a system if the original signal had a noise temperature of 290 K. This is a common way of expressing the noise ...
Here, k ≈ 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K is the Boltzmann constant and kT 0 is the available noise power density (the noise is thermal noise, Johnson noise). As a numerical example: A receiver has a bandwidth of 100 MHz , a noise figure of 1.5 dB and the physical temperature of the system is 290 K .
A noise-figure meter could automate that procedure as follows: A gated broadband noise source (such as an avalanche diode) drives the device under test. A measurement is made with the noise source on; another measurement with the noise source off. From those measurements and the characteristics of the noise source, the noise figure can be ...
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where f 0 is the output frequency, Q l is the loaded quality factor, f m is the offset from the output frequency (Hz), f c is the 1/f corner frequency, F is the noise factor of the amplifier, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is absolute temperature, and P s is the available power at the sustaining amplifier input. [3]
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In 2006, McQuay was acquired by Daikin Industries, a global manufacturer of both commercial and residential air conditioning equipment based in Osaka, Japan. Daikin had annual sales of $13 billion in 2009. [2] Daikin was named one of the 100 most sustainable corporations for three years in a row by Corporate Knights, Inc., from 2007 through ...