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An estrogen patch, or oestrogen patch, is a transdermal delivery system for estrogens such as estradiol and ethinylestradiol which can be used in menopausal hormone therapy, feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, hormonal birth control, and other uses. [1]
[223] [224] Estraderm, a reservoir patch and the first transdermal estradiol patch to be marketed, was introduced in Europe in 1985 and in the United States in 1986. [225] [226] The first transdermal matrix estradiol patches to be introduced were Climara and Vivelle between 1994 and 1996, and were followed by many others. [223] [227]
The patch-free interval must not be longer than seven days; otherwise, additional non-hormonal contraceptive methods must be used, such as condoms. [6] Transdermal patches must always be applied on the same day of the week to the buttock, abdomen (belly), upper arm or upper back. [ 6 ]
Side effects of estradiol valerate include breast tenderness, breast enlargement, nausea, headache, and fluid retention. [15] [13] [14] Estradiol valerate is an estrogen and hence is an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. [5] [4] [16] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body.
Side effects of hormone therapy have the ability to significantly impact sexual functioning, either directly or indirectly through the various side effects, such as cerebrovascular disorders, obesity, and mood fluctuations. [292] Some transgender women report a significant reduction in libido, depending on the dosage of antiandrogens. [293]
Estradiol cypionate (EC), sold under the brand name Depo-Estradiol among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low estrogen levels in women, in hormone therapy for trans women, and in hormonal birth control for women. [14] [8] [15] [16] It is given by injection into muscle once every 1 to ...
Experts call vaginal estrogen "the holy grail" for its effectiveness in improving vulvar or vaginal itching and burning, painful sex and recurring UTIs.
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]
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