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Bone marrow suppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy is much harder to treat and often involves hospital admission, strict infection control, and aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics at the first sign of infection. [7] G-CSF is used clinically (see Neutropenia) but tests in mice suggest it may lead to bone loss. [8] [9]
Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is an infusion of horse or rabbit-derived antibodies against human T cells and their precursors , which is used in the prevention and treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation and therapy of aplastic anemia due to bone marrow insufficiency.
Pancytopenia usually requires a bone marrow biopsy in order to distinguish among different causes. [5] anemia: hemoglobin < 13.5 g/dL (male) or < 12 g/dL (female). leukopenia: total white cell count < 4.0 x 10 9 /L. Decrease in all types of white blood cells (revealed by doing a differential count). thrombocytopenia: platelet count < 150×10 9 /L.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells from the myeloid lineage (a family of cells that originate from bone marrow stem cells). MDSCs expand under pathologic conditions such as chronic infection and cancer, as a result of altered haematopoiesis . [ 1 ]
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a form of blood cancer in which the bone marrow no longer produces enough healthy, normal blood cells. [9] MDS are a frequently unrecognized and rare group of bone marrow failure disorders, yet the incidence rate has rose from 143 reported cases in 1973 to approximately 15,000 cases in the United States each year.
Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity, vomiting, and loss of appetite. [2] Other serious side effects include an increased risk of future cancer and pancreatitis. [2] Those with a genetic deficiency in thiopurine S-methyltransferase are at higher risk of side effects. [2] Use in pregnancy may harm the baby. [2]
Trilaciclib, sold under the brand name Cosela, is a medication used to reduce the frequency of chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression. [1] [2] [3] [4]The most common side effects include fatigue; low levels of calcium, potassium and phosphate; increased levels of an enzyme called aspartate aminotransferase; headache; and infection in the lungs (pneumonia).
Common side effects include bone-marrow suppression and vomiting. [5] Bone-marrow suppression is especially common in people with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase. [5] Other serious risk factors include an increased risk of certain cancers. [5] Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby. [5]