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An example of the fear-avoidance model, anxiety sensitivity stems from the fear that the symptoms of anxiety will lead to harmful social and physical effects. As a result, the individual delays the situation by avoiding any stimuli related to pain-inducing situations and activities, becoming restricted in normal daily function.
Distress is an inextricable part of life; therefore, avoidance is often only a temporary solution. Avoidance reinforces the notion that discomfort, distress and anxiety are bad, or dangerous. Sustaining avoidance often requires effort and energy. Avoidance limits one's focus at the expense of fully experiencing what is going on in the present.
The neural circuit responsible for expressing signaled avoidance behavior is the same that controls extinction of fear responses. The presentation of the aversive stimulus activates neurons in the central amygdala which project to the periaqueductal gray region to elicit a fear-motivated motor response.
These behaviors are aimed to reduce fear or anxiety in a currently threatening situation. [12] Examples include: Escaping the situation [4] Using safety signals such as looking at cell phones to reduce social anxiety [4] Subtle avoidance behaviors such as breathing techniques [4] Compulsive behaviors such as repeatedly washing hands [4]
Kinesiophobia is the fear of pain due to movement. It is a term used in the context of rehabilitation medicine and physical therapy . Kinesiophobia is a factor that hinders rehabilitation and actually prolongs disability and pain.
When designing an exposure hierarchy, therapists first conduct a thorough assessment of their client's fear with particular attention to the (a) feared object or situation, (b) feared consequences of confronting the object, (c) fear-related avoidance or safety behaviors, and (d) triggers and contexts of the fear. [3]
The Kellet's whelk does not display an avoidance response in the presence of the sea star Pisaster giganteus. [1] The sea star is eating the bivalve Chama pellucida while three Kelletia kelletii are attempting to get to the prey. An avoidance response is a response that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring.
Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]