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The general idea behind modern antiviral drug design is to identify viral proteins, or parts of proteins, that can be disabled. [11] [13] These "targets" should generally be as unlike any proteins or parts of proteins in humans as possible, to reduce the likelihood of side effects and toxicity. [8]
A drug combination targeting SARS-CoV-2, Paxlovid, was approved in December 2021 to treat COVID-19. [12] It is a combination of nirmatrelvir , a protease inhibitor targeted to the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease , and ritonavir, which inhibits the metabolism of nirmatrelvir, thereby prolonging its effect.
List of Antiviral Drugs Antiviral Use Manufacturer Component Type Year approved Abacavir: HIV: ViiV Healthcare: Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) 1998 Acyclovir (Aciclovir) Herpes Simplex, chickenpox, [2] varicella zoster virus: GSK: guanosine analogue RTI 1981 Adefovir: Hepatitis B [3] Gilead Sciences RTI 2002 , 2003 ...
[40] [41] [42] The ever present risk of viral strains developing resistance has been a main factor in why they are used in combination with one or more complementary drug. [43] Adverse effects, and extensive and complicated drug regimens with accompanying low compliance rates, have been a hindrance in the development of antiviral treatments ...
This conditional early approval system has previously been used in Japan to accelerate the progression to market of other antiviral drugs targeting COVID-19, including remdesivir and molnupiravir. [13] In a study of 428 patients, viral load was reduced, but symptoms were not significantly reduced. [14]
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is under investigation, so its side effects have yet to be fully evaluated and may not be completely known. [19] Other side effects of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may include hypersensitivity reactions, liver toxicity, and development of HIV drug resistance in people with uncontrolled or undiagnosed HIV infection.
Common side effects include headache, tiredness, trouble sleeping, abdominal pain, weight loss, and rash. [5] Serious side effects may include high blood lactate levels and enlargement of the liver. [7] Use of this medication during pregnancy does not appear to harm the fetus, but this has not been well studied. [1]
Tecovirimat, sold under the brand name Tpoxx among others, [6] is an antiviral medication with activity against orthopoxviruses such as smallpox and mpox. [4] [7] [8] In 2018 it was the first antipoxviral drug approved in the United States. The drug works by blocking cellular transmission of orthopoxviruses, thus preventing disease. [9]