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Kunrei-shiki romanization (Japanese: 訓令式ローマ字, Hepburn: Kunrei-shiki rōmaji), also known as the Monbusho system (named after the endonym for the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) or MEXT system, [1] is the Cabinet-ordered romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet.
The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on Portuguese orthography.It was developed c. 1548 by a Japanese Catholic named Anjirō. [2] [citation needed] Jesuit priests used the system in a series of printed Catholic books so that missionaries could preach and teach their converts without learning to read Japanese orthography.
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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Japanese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, [1] with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. [2] Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries.
Road Sign Romaji (Hepburn) (道路標識のローマ字（ヘボン式), Dōrohyōji no rōmaji (Hebonshiki)), used for road signs, which otherwise follows Modified Hepburn closely but specifies that macrons are not to be used.
Japan has a coffee culture that has changed with societal needs over time. Today, coffee shops serve as a niche within their urban cultures. [1] While it was introduced earlier in history, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Dutch and Portuguese traders, it rapidly gained popularity at the turn of the twentieth century. [1]
The "Old" column reflects the official kyūjitai specified in the standard jōyō table; [1] it does not include unofficial, extended, or Asahi characters. [ discuss ] The readings presented here are those noted in the official Jōyō table. [ 2 ]