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Urdu's use was not confined only to northern India – it had been used as a literary medium for Indian writers from the Bombay Presidency, Bengal, Orissa Province, and Tamil Nadu as well. [153] As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script.
Mirza Ghalib is considered one of the leading literary authority on Urdu poetry. [3] He lived in Delhi [4] and died in 1869. The literal meaning of shayar (shaa'ir) is poet. [5] There are more than 30 types of Urdu poetry, also known as shayari. Examples of shayari are ghazal, sher, nazm, marsiya, qita and many more. [6]
The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships. [1] Following the Partition of India in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is ...
Rekhta is an Indian web portal started by Rekhta Foundation, a non-profit organisation dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the Urdu literature. [4] The Rekhta Library Project, its books preservation initiative, has successfully digitized approximately 200,000 books over a span of ten years. [5]
Hafeez Jalandhari was unique in Urdu poetry for the enchanting melody of his voice and lilting rhythms of his songs and lyrics. His poetry generally dealt with romantic, religious, patriotic and natural themes. His language was a fine blend of Hindi and Urdu diction, reflecting the composite culture of South Asia. [3]
Amir Khusrau, a 13th-century Urdu poet. As Hindavi began to evolve into a literary language in the 18th century, the new term Rekhta carried over to describe this language. It denoted the Persianized, "high" form of Hindavi used in poetry, as opposed to the speech of the common population. The word was used alongside names like Urdu and Hindi.
Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
According to Oxford English Dictionary, the Urdu word Mushaira comes from an Arabic word “mušā'ara” meaning “vying poetry”. [2]Some legends suggest that Mushaira was first organized by Amir Khusraw (1253–1325), while some legends reject this hypothesis and claim that instead it was Qawwali, that was introduced by Amir Khusraw and not mushaira.