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Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [10] [11] [12] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine, forming kidney stones.
About 65–80% of those with kidney stones are men; most stones in women are due to either metabolic defects (such as cystinuria) or infections in the case of struvite stones. [ 76 ] [ 122 ] [ 19 ] Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women.
Stones can form in any part of the urinary tract in dogs and cats, but unlike in humans, stones of the kidney are less common and do not often cause significant disease, although they can contribute to pyelonephritis and chronic kidney disease. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate ...
Prolonged increased alkalinity can lead to the formation of crystals of struvite, calcium carbonate, and/or apatite, which can result in struvite kidney stones. Delayed or suboptimal treatment often allows these kidney stones to act as a nidus for P. mirabilis growth causing recurrent infections despite antibiotic treatment.
The use of these tubes may lead to an infection, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer.
Treatments depend on the patient, the type of kidney stone and several other factors. These include: Surgical intervention. Some patients may need surgery to remove kidney stones or to help them pass.
About 76% of kidney stones are partially or entirely of the calcium oxalate type. [6] They form when urine is persistently saturated with calcium and oxalate. Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [14] [15] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [16]
15-20% of FLUTD cases are caused by uroliths ("stones") which occur when crystals which may be present in urine coalesce to form small stones. The most common types observed are struvite and calcium oxalate. [5] The majority of uroliths are located in the urinary bladder, but can also form in the kidneys, ureters and urethra.
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