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Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social behavior in the interaction of two parties that implement a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. The theory also involves economic relationships—the cost-benefit analysis occurs when each party has goods that the other parties value. [1]
Collective action problem. A collective action problem or social dilemma is a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries ...
A widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." [ 2] Primary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the ...
Conflict of interest is involvement in multiple interests which could possibly corrupt the motivation or decision-making. [16] Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. [17] Intellectual conflict is a subclass of cultural conflict. [18]
The principal–agent problem refers to the conflict in interests and priorities that arises when one person or entity (the "agent") takes actions on behalf of another person or entity (the "principal"). [ 1] The problem worsens when there is a greater discrepancy of interests and information between the principal and agent, as well as when the ...
Group conflict. Group conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), [ 1] and also occurs in social animals. [ 2] Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, [ 3] the ...
Festinger theorized that cognitive dissonance usually arises when a person holds two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. [81] This is a normal occurrence since people encounter different situations that invoke conflicting thought sequences. This conflict results in a psychological discomfort.
Identity diffusion can be described as "the apathetic state that represents the relative lack of both exploration and commitment". [7] Identity diffusion can overlap with diagnoses such as schizophrenia and depression, and can best be described as a lack of identity structure. An example of an identity crisis emerging from this status is an ...