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Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social behavior in the interaction of two parties that implement a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. The theory also involves economic relationships—the cost-benefit analysis occurs when each party has goods that the other parties value. [1]
A state of tension that arises because there are irreconcilable contradictions between two or more parties with regard to a certain good. [5] Activities that take place when conscious beings (individuals or groups) want to take actions that do not match their desires, needs, or obligations. [6] Situations where hostile behavior occurs. [7]
Collective action problem. A collective action problem or social dilemma is a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries ...
A widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." [ 2] Primary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the ...
Tortious interference, also known as intentional interference with contractual relations, in the common law of torts, occurs when one person intentionally damages someone else's contractual or business relationships with a third party, causing economic harm. [ 1] As an example, someone could use blackmail to induce a contractor into breaking a ...
The principal–agent problem refers to the conflict in interests and priorities that arises when one person or entity (the "agent") takes actions on behalf of another person or entity (the "principal"). [ 1] The problem worsens when there is a greater discrepancy of interests and information between the principal and agent, as well as when the ...
A two-party system is most common under plurality voting.Voters typically cast one vote per race. Maurice Duverger argued there were two main mechanisms by which plurality voting systems lead to fewer major parties: (i) small parties are disincentivized to form because they have great difficulty winning seats or representation, and (ii) voters are wary of voting for a smaller party whose ...
Group conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), [ 1] and also occurs in social animals. [ 2] Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, [ 3] the history of the ...