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The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by water depends on the state of the water. The absorption in the gas phase occurs in three regions of the spectrum. Rotational transitions are responsible for absorption in the microwave and far-infrared , vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared .
Hemispherical absorptance: A — Radiant flux absorbed by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "absorbance". Spectral hemispherical absorptance: A ν A λ — Spectral flux absorbed by a surface, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "spectral absorbance ...
Water also dominates the planet's atmospheric emissivity and absorptivity in the form of water vapor. Clouds, carbon dioxide, and other components make substantial additional contributions, especially where there are gaps in the water vapor absorption spectrum. [30] Nitrogen (N 2) and oxygen (O
The absorption coefficient is fundamentally the product of a quantity of absorbers per unit volume, [cm −3], times an efficiency of absorption (area/absorber, [cm 2]). Several sources [ 2 ] [ 12 ] [ 3 ] replace nσ λ with k λ r , where k λ is the absorption coefficient per unit density and r is the density of the gas.
The spectral hemispherical reflectance in frequency and spectral hemispherical reflectance in wavelength of a surface, denoted R ν and R λ respectively, are defined as [1] =,,, =,,, where Φ e, ν r is the spectral radiant flux in frequency reflected by that surface;
This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues until the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, the absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life.
An overview of absorption of electromagnetic radiation.This example shows the general principle using visible light as a specific example. A white light source—emitting light of multiple wavelengths—is focused on a sample (the pairs of complementary colors are indicated by the yellow dotted lines).
The absorption coefficient of a volume, denoted μ a, and the scattering coefficient of a volume, denoted μ s, are defined the same way as the attenuation coefficient. [ 6 ] The attenuation coefficient of a volume is the sum of absorption coefficient and scattering coefficients: [ 6 ]