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During the manufacturing process the mother tube goes through a series of shaping stands which form the round HSS (mother tube) into the final square or rectangular shape. Most American manufacturers adhere to the ASTM A500 or newly adopted ASTM A1085 standards, while Canadian manufacturers follow both ASTM A500 and CSA G40.21.
Also, the size of the aluminum wire needs to be larger compared to copper wire used for the same circuit due to the increased resistance of the aluminum alloys. For example, a 15 A branch circuit supplying standard lighting fixtures can be installed with either #14 AWG copper building wire or #12 AWG aluminum building wire according to the NEC.
Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD.
Sample cross-section of high tension power (pylon) line, showing 1 strand (7 wires) of steel surrounded by 4 concentric layers of aluminium. Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines.
Automotive arc welding (aluminum) AWS D9.1: Sheet metal welding AWS D10.10: Heating practices for pipe and tube AWS D10.11: Root pass welding for pipe AWS D10.12: Pipe welding (mild steel) AWS D10.13: Tube brazing (copper) AWS D10.18: Pipe welding (stainless steel) AWS D11.2: Welding (cast iron) AWS D14.1: Industrial mill crane welding AWS D14.3
T-slot framing is divided into metric and fractional (imperial) categories. The T-slot is always centered along the long-axis of the piece. Pieces are available in each series with a square cross-section. Rectangular cross sections are also available which measure x by 2x (where x is the defined width) - e.g. 40mm by 80mm for 40 series.
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The first character group is a number representing the heater voltage rounded to the nearest whole number; 0 indicates a cold-cathode tube. [1] One or two letters assigned to the devices in order of development. A single numeral that represents the number of active elements in the tube. Suffix letters distinguish revisions or variants: