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  2. Watterson estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watterson_estimator

    It can also be biased by violation of the infinite-sites mutational model; if multiple mutations can overwrite one another, Watterson's estimator will be biased downward. Comparing the value of the Watterson's estimator, to nucleotide diversity is the basis of Tajima's D which allows inference of the evolutionary regime of a given locus.

  3. Rate of evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_evolution

    The rate of evolution is quantified as the speed of genetic or morphological change in a lineage over a period of time. The speed at which a molecular entity (such as a protein, gene, etc.) evolves is of considerable interest in evolutionary biology since determining the evolutionary rate is the first step in characterizing its evolution. [1]

  4. Mutation rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_rate

    The human germline mutation rate is approximately 0.5×10 −9 per basepair per year. [1] In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. [2] Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations.

  5. Molecular clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock

    The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins.

  6. Ka/Ks ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka/Ks_ratio

    Although the K a /K s ratio is a good indicator of selective pressure at the sequence level, evolutionary change can often take place in the regulatory region of a gene which affects the level, timing or location of gene expression. K a /K s analysis will not detect such change. It will only calculate selective pressure within protein coding ...

  7. Human mitochondrial molecular clock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial...

    The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution. The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial.

  8. Models of DNA evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution

    There are several assumptions. It assumes equal base frequencies (= = = =) and equal mutation rates. The only parameter of this model is therefore , the overall substitution rate. As previously mentioned, this variable becomes a constant when we normalize the mean-rate to 1.

  9. Relative rate test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_rate_test

    The relative rate test is a genetic comparative test between two ingroups (somewhat closely related species) and an outgroup or “reference species” to compare mutation and evolutionary rates between the species. [1]