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In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles .
A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. [1] A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. [2] Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon , three weak bosons ...
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
Examples of bosonic fields include scalar fields, gauge fields, and symmetric 2-tensor fields, which are characterized by their covariance under Lorentz transformations and have spins 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Physical examples, in the same order, are the Higgs field, the photon field, and the graviton field.
The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac [3] [4] to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist. When Bose was a reader (later professor) at the University of Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh), [5] [6] he and Albert Einstein developed the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate.
Feynman diagram of the fusion of two electroweak vector bosons to the scalar Higgs boson, which is a prominent process of the generation of Higgs bosons at particle accelerators (q: quark particle, W and Z: vector bosons of the electroweak interaction, H 0: Higgs boson) The W and Z particles interact with the Higgs boson as shown in the Feynman ...
An X boson would have the following two decay modes: [1]: 442 X + → u L + u R X + → e + L + d R. where the two decay products in each process have opposite chirality, u is an up quark, d is a down antiquark, and e + is a positron. A Y boson would have the following three decay modes: [1]: 442 Y + → e + L + u R Y