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This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.
The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation "less than or equal" is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of "subset".
A set of polygons in an Euler diagram This set equals the one depicted above since both have the very same elements.. In mathematics, a set is a collection of different [1] things; [2] [3] [4] these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other ...
A set is described by listing elements separated by commas, or by a characterizing property of its elements, within braces { }. [8] Since sets are objects, the membership relation can relate sets as well, i.e., sets themselves can be members of other sets. A derived binary relation between two sets is the subset relation, also called set inclusion.
These two constraints are hard constraints, meaning that it is required that they be satisfied; they define the feasible set of candidate solutions. Without the constraints, the solution would be (0,0), where f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {x} )} has the lowest value.
An illustration of how the levels of the hierarchy interact and where some basic set categories lie within it. In mathematical logic, the arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy (after mathematicians Stephen Cole Kleene and Andrzej Mostowski) classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them.
Enjoy a classic game of Hearts and watch out for the Queen of Spades!
More generally, the solution set to an arbitrary collection E of relations (E i) (i varying in some index set I) for a collection of unknowns (), supposed to take values in respective spaces (), is the set S of all solutions to the relations E, where a solution () is a family of values (()) such that substituting () by () in the collection E makes all relations "true".