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The English word frankincense derives from the Old French expression franc encens, meaning 'true incense', maybe with the sense of 'high quality incense'. [4] [2] The adjective franc in Old French meant 'noble, true', in this case perhaps 'pure'; although franc is ultimately derived from the tribal name of the Franks, it is not a direct reference to them in the word francincense.
Incense smoke wafts from huge burners in Lhasa, Tibet. The first recorded use of incense was by the Indians in the Indus Valley Civilisation in 3600 BC. Egyptians during the Fifth Dynasty, 2345-2494 BC were the first in the non-Asian world to discover the use of incense, which was used by Hindus for centuries by the time of the 5th Dynasty. [1]
Various examples of nag champa incense. Nag champa is a commercial fragrance of Indian origin. It is made from a combination of sandalwood and either champak [1] [2] or frangipani. [3] When frangipani is used, the fragrance is usually referred to simply as champa. [4]
Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin, [2] and in India Sambrani or loban, though loban is, via Arabic lubān, a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin. [3] [4] The syllable "benz" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي, "frankincense from Java").
Incense sticks, also known as agarbattī (Hindi: अगरबत्ती) and joss sticks, in which an incense paste is rolled or moulded around a bamboo stick, are the main forms of incense in India. The bamboo method originated in India and is distinct from the Nepali, Tibetan, and Japanese methods of stick making without bamboo cores.
The incense offering is first described in the Book of Exodus: Take sweet spices, rosin, and onycha, [18] and galbanum, sweet spices with pure frankincense, each spice pounded separately; [19] and you shall make it a blend of incense, even a confection after the art of the apothecary, seasoned with salt, pure and holy. [20]
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