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Austempering is heat treatment that is applied to ferrous metals, most notably steel and ductile iron. In steel it produces a bainite microstructure whereas in cast irons it produces a structure of acicular ferrite and high carbon, stabilized austenite known as ausferrite. It is primarily used to improve mechanical properties or reduce ...
The chemistry of hot springs ranges from acid sulfate springs with a pH as low as 0.8, to alkaline chloride springs saturated with silica, to bicarbonate springs saturated with carbon dioxide and carbonate minerals. Some springs also contain abundant dissolved iron.
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial, thermal and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of ...
Tourists and pilgrims having a bath in a hot spring in Gurudwara Complex, Manikaran in Uttrakhand state of India, c. May 2009. A chalybeate (iron-laden) mineral spring at Breznik, Bulgaria Tap tapan spring in Azarshahr, Iran. Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce hard water, water that contains dissolved minerals.
Iron(II) carbonate, or ferrous carbonate, is a chemical compound with formula FeCO 3, that occurs naturally as the mineral siderite. At ordinary ambient temperatures, it is a green-brown ionic solid consisting of iron(II) cations Fe 2+ and carbonate anions CO 2− 3. [5] The compound crystallizes in the same motif as calcium carbonate. In this ...
Chena Hot Springs are a system of thermal mineral springs located within the Yukon-Tanana Plateau near the town of Chena Hot Springs, approximately 50 miles northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. [ 1 ] The springs consist of several hot soaking pools and a rock-lined warm lake only accessible to those over age 18.
The mineral content of the water includes bicarbonate, calcium, carbonate, iron, manganese, magnesium, potassium, silica, sodium, sulfate, among others. [1] The hot mineral water emerges from the source at 120 °F (49 °C) to 128 °F (53 °C), and cooles to 104 °F (40 °C) in the soaking pools and private plunges. [5]
The hot spring water emerges from the city center source at 42.6 °C (108.7 °F). The pH is 6.85 and the primary mineral content of the water is Calcium and Magnesium carbonate-chloride with precipitates of sulfur, iron sulfide and barite.