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The term grey literature acts as a collective noun to refer to a large number of publications types produced by organizations for various reasons. These include research and project reports, annual or activity reports, theses, conference proceedings, preprints, working papers, newsletters, technical reports, recommendations and technical standards, patents, technical notes, data and statistics ...
This encompasses literature that has not been peer reviewed or published in an academic journal. [1] Working papers may be disseminated for the purpose of receiving feedback to improve the publication. [2] They are often the basis for related works, and may in themselves be cited by peer-review papers. They may be considered as grey literature.
The PDF of the essay paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False" is a 2005 essay written by John Ioannidis, a professor at the Stanford School of Medicine, and published in PLOS Medicine. [1] It is considered foundational to the field of metascience.
Self-retraction is a request from an author and/or co-authors to retract its own work from being published. Self-retraction by an author is recommended because once it gets retracted from the journal, then it can affect the author(s) because investigations can begin which will have an effect the author's reputation.
Research design refers to the overall strategy utilized to answer research questions. A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question(s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [ 1 ]
Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature".
Meta-analyses and systematic reviews can account for publication bias by including evidence from unpublished studies and the grey literature. The presence of publication bias can also be explored by constructing a funnel plot in which the estimate of the reported effect size is plotted against a measure of precision or sample size.
Grey literature is any scholarly or policy material produced outside of traditional academia and not published in traditional academic journals or books. It is "That which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers", [1] and consists of research and deliberations published in ...