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Examples of frenulo-retinacular wing coupling in male and female moths Other groups of moth have a frenulum on the hindwing that hooks under a retinaculum on the forewing. [ 4 ] The retinaculum is a hook or tuft on the underside of the forewing of some moths .
The Lepidoptera have developed a wide variety of morphological wing-coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa "functionally dipterous" (two winged). [33] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing coupling. [34] There are three different types of mechanisms – jugal, frenulo–retinacular, and amplexiform. [35]
Lepidopterology (from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (lepídos) 'scale' πτερόν (pterón) 'wing' and -λογία [1]) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the two superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian.
The terms are directly from Latin, in which hamus means "hook".The plural is hami.. Hamulus is the diminutive – hooklet or little hook. The plural is hamuli.. Adjectives are hamate and hamulate, as in "a hamulate wing-coupling", in which the wings of certain insects in flight are joined by hooking hamuli on one wing into folds on a matching wing.
The frenulum can be observed only when a specimen is in hand. There is only one known species of butterfly with a frenulum, which is the male regent skipper Euschemon rafflesia. [5] Some moths have a lobe on the forewing called a jugum that helps in coupling with the hindwing. Butterflies lack these structures.
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Frenulo-retinacular wing coupling in male and female moths. Some four-winged insect orders, such as the Lepidoptera, have developed morphological wing coupling mechanisms in the imago which render these taxa functionally two-winged. [30] All but the most basal forms exhibit this wing-coupling. [31]
Many species are brightly coloured and include popular species such as the emperors, monarch butterfly, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. However, the under wings are, in contrast, often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, or are much paler, producing a cryptic effect that helps the butterflies blend into their ...